#!/usr/bin/perl

use strict;
use warnings;

my %samples;

open my $fh, '<', 'sample.txt' or die $!;
while (<$fh>) {
    chomp;
    $samples{$_} = 1;
}
close $fh or die $!;

open my $res, '>', 'result.txt' or die $!;
open $fh, '<', 'data.txt' or die $!;
while (<$fh>) {
    if (/^(\d+)/) {
        do {print $res $_;} if $samples{$1};
    }
}
close $fh or die $!;
close $res or die $!;

------解决方案--------------------

awk 'NR==FNR{a[$1]=$0;next}{if($1 in a)print $1FS$2}' sample.txt data.txt